Use of Modifiers

Question Pattern for Examination

Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces:-

       Television has become the most common and (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) source of entertainment of the (b) ––– per-modify the noun) world. A wide range of programs of (c) ––– (pre-modify the adjective) interest is telecast on (d) ––– (use quantifier to pre modify the noun) channels. almost every middle class and even working class families have a television set today. (e) ––– (use a noun-adjective)programs are (f) pre modify the adjective) entertaining. They can be (g) ––– (pre-modify the adjective) educative too. Courses (h) ––– (post-modify the noun) by the Open University are shown to BTV. (i) ––– (pre-modify the noun) channels like the Discovery Channel and the National Geographic Channel telecast highly informative programs. However, watching TV has become (j) ––– (use an article) addiction for many.

What is Modifier?

·         A modifier is a word/phrase/clause which modifies other words in a sentence. 

·         A modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that provides description in sentences.

Example of Modifier: He is a cute baby.

In this sentence, “cute” is an adjective modifying the noun, “baby.” The adjective “cute” is a modifier. “Cute” modifies the type of baby.

Kinds of Modifier:

2 types: Pre Modifier & Post Modifier.

Pre Modifier

Determiners: a Determiner is a word or group of words that specifies, identifies, or quantifies the noun that follows. All Determiners can be classified as one of the following:

Articles: Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific.

Articles: a, an, the

Example:

a)      He is an honest man.

Demonstratives: Demonstrative pronouns point to specific things.

Common Demonstratives are: this, that, these, those

Example:

a)      These mangoes are sweet.

Possessives: We use possessive as Determiners before a noun to indicate possession or belonging. Common possessives: my, his, her, your, its, their, Rana’s, etc.

Example:

a)      My dog is very faithful.

b)      Your uncle is a cunning businessman.

c)      Their house is far from ours.

d)     Her mobile set is very costly.

Quantifiers: We use quantifiers when we want to give someone information about the number of something. Common quantifiers: all, both, some, any, every, each, few, little, many, much, enough, more, most, several, etc.

Example:

a)      Some wicked boys have broken the glass.

Numerals: A numeral is a symbol or name that stands for a number. Common Numerals: two, three, four, five, etc.

Example:

a)      There are three boys in the room.

Intensifier: Intensifiers are adverbs or adverbial phrases that strengthen the meaning of other expressions and show emphasis. Words that we commonly use as intensifiers include: absolutely, completely, extremely, highly, rather, really, so, too, totally, utterly, very and at all

Example:

a)      She was born in a highly educated family.

b)      He felt very weak, almost giving up hope.

Pre determiner: All, every, both, each, either, neither, many, much , some, several etc.

Example:

a)      Both the books are out of print.

b)      All my friends came to the party.

c)      Many people joined the funeral.

Adjectives: An adjective is a word that tells us more about a noun. It "describes" or "modifies" a noun.

Example :

a)      Maruf is an intelligent boy.

b)      Masum is an efficient player.

c)      Every meritorious student was given a prize.

d)     He told me a funny story.

Present Participle: A present participle is a word that (1) is formed from a verb, (2) ends '-ing,' and (3) can be used as an adjective or used to form verb tense.

Example:

a)      Don’t try to get down from a running bus.

b)      A drowning man catches at a straw.

c)      He shot down a flying bird.

Past Participle: The past participle refers to an action that was started and completed in the past. It is created by adding -ed, -d, or -t to the base form of a verb.

Example:

a)      Take the wounded man to hospital.

b)      Don't exult over a fallen foe.

Noun-Adjective:  Noun Adjective consists of two Nouns situated together and 1^st Noun functions as an Adjective.

Example:

a)      He gave me a gold ring.

b)      I paid the launch fare.

c)      We have some mango trees.

d)     Last night the security guard died.

Compound Word: Compound words are formed when two or more words are joined together to create a new word that has an entirely new meaning.

Example:

a)      I got into a first-class compartment.

b)      Give up your old-fashioned idea.

c)      This is a brand-new car.

Post-modifier

Prepositional Phrase: A prepositional phrase is a group of words that lacks either a verb or a subject, and that functions as a unified part of speech. It normally consists of a preposition and a noun or a pronoun.

Example:

a)      The book is on the table.

a)      She is in the room now.

b)      The child is with her mother.

Infinitive: An infinitive is formed from a verb but doesn't act as a verb and it is actually made up of two words: to + verb.

Example:

a)      It is essential for us to lead a healthy life.

b)      He told me to go.

c)      We eat to live.

Infinitive Phrase: An infinitive phrase is the infinitive form of a verb plus any complements and modifiers.

Example:

a)      It is a great sin to tell a lie.

b)      It is a great virtue to speak the truth.

Present Participle Phrase: A present participial phrase begins with a present participle (the ing form of a verb) and any objects or modifiers.

Example:

a)      The girl singing a sweet song is a student.

b)      The man working in the field is my brother.

c)      The people dancing in the party are jolly.

Past Participle Phrase: A past participial phrase begins with a past participle (the past participle form of a verb) and any objects or modifiers.

Example:

a)      The bridges damaged/destroyed by floods need repairing.

b)      The watch made in Japan is very costly.

c)      We should not exult over a fallen foe in the war.

Perfect Participle Phrase: A perfect participle is a participle that expresses an action or state as just finished. The perfect participle is made by prefixing HAVING to the past participle.

Example:

a)      Having finished the job, the boy left for home.

b)      Having completed the story, the writer wrote a novel.

c)      Having swum in the pond, he went to the field.

Appositive: Appositives are nouns or noun phrases that follow or come before a noun, and give more information about it.

Example:

a)      Mr Rahman, Principal of our college, went to Dhaka yesterday.

b)      John Keats, a famous romantic poet, wrote Ode to a Nightingale.

c)      I saw Mashrafee, captain of our national cricket team.

Relative Clause: Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who, what, that, which, whose, where, when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes them.

Example:

a)      The man who came here is my brother.

b)      The girls who are plucking flowers are my sisters.

c)      The boy whom you helped is my friend.

d)     The pen which took me take fifty is lost.

e)      The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting.

Adverb: An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or even a whole sentence.

Example:

a)      Deforestation means cutting down of trees recklessly.

b)      As a result, we do not get sick easily.

c)      The passage above is very difficult.

Adverbial/ Adverb phrase: An adverb phrase is simply a group of two or more words that function as an adverb in a sentence. Just as an adverb can modify a verb, adjective or another adverb, an adverb phrase of more than one word can further describe a verb, adverb, or adjective.

Adverb phrases typically answer the questions how, where, why or when something was done.

Example:

a)      Nazrul sang the song of equality throughout his life.

b)      Deforestation means cutting down of trees at random.

c)      I used to rise early in the morning.

Exercise on the use of modifiers

Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces:-

1.      Television has become the most common and (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) source of entertainment of the (b) ––– per-modify the noun) world. A wide range of programs of (c) ––– (pre-modify the adjective) interest is telecast on (d) ––– (use quantifier to pre modify the noun) channels. almost every middle class and even working class families have a television set today. (e) ––– (use a noun-adjective)programs are (f) pre modify the adjective) entertaining. They can be (g) ––– (pre-modify the adjective) educative too. Courses (h) ––– (post-modify the noun) by the Open University are shown to BTV. (i) ––– (pre-modify the noun) channels like the Discovery Channel and the National Geographic Channel telecast highly informative programs. However, watching TV has become (j) ––– (use an article) addiction for many.

Ans: (a) widespread/ great/ popular (b) present/ current (c) varied/ various (d) numerous (e) varied/ various television (f) highly/ very (g) highly (h) run/ conducted (i) several/ some/ many (j) an

2.      Kazi Nazrul Islam is called the Shelley of Bangali Literature. He was a (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) poet. He wrote (b) ––– (post-modify the verb) in every branch of Bangali Literatiure. Nazrul, (c) ––– (use an appositive), won the attention of everyone in his early childhood. He wrote ceaselessly until the death of (d) ––– (use possessive pronoun) poetic flair. He composed his songs (e) ––– (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). His songs are (f) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) melodious. He enriched the Bangali Literature (g) ––– (use an adverb to pre-modify the verb). His literary works have enriched (h) ––– (use a noun adjective) literature. He was (i) ––– (use an article) secular poet. He sang the songs of equality (j) ––– (use an adverbial phrase)

Ans: (a) great/ famous/ renowned/ rebel (b) almost/ extensively/ profusely (c) our national poet/ a rebel poet/ a small boy (d) his (e) to inspire people (f) very/ highly (g) greatly/ vastly (h) Bengali/ Bangla (i) a (j) throughout his life/ in a loud voice

3.      Deforestation means cutting down of trees (a) ––– (post-modify the verb). To meet up the basic needs of food and housing, trees are being cut in large scale and thus it causes (b) ––– (pre-modify the noun) imbalance. Besides, there are some dishonest people who cut trees in our forest (c) ––– (use an infinitive phrase to post modify the verb). The (d) ––– (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) level is rising and many parts of the world are going to be engulfed by the sea in near future. New areas of the world are (e) ––– (use a participle to pre-modify the verb) turned into desert as a result of deforestation. So, we must stop (f) ––– (use a participle to post-modify the verb) down trees unnecessarily. (g) ––– (use a participle to pre-modify the noun) trees indiscriminately will be hazardous for our future existence. If we destroy trees (h) ––– (use an adverbial phrase to post-modify the verb) one day the country will turn into a great desert. The (i) ––– (use a participle to pre-modify the noun) temperature will cause greenhouse effect. Necessary measures should be taken (j) ––– (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb).

Ans: (a) indiscriminately/ at random/ recklessly/ whimsically (b) ecological/ environmental (c) to fulfil their own interest/ to make profit/ to earn money illegally (d) sea/ water (e) being/ getting (f) cutting/ burning/ felling (g) Cutting/ chopping/ destroying (h) in an indiscriminate manner/ in an inconsiderate manner/ without any consideration (i) increasing/ rising (j) to stop deforestation/ to survive/ to maintain the ecological balance

4.      Ayesha Begum has three sons and two daughters. Her husband was a (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) farmer who used (b) ––– (post-modify the verb by using infinitive) on other people’s land. With great effort they married (c) ––– (use a pronoun) daughters off by the time they reached teenage. The sons also started (d) ––– (use present participle to modify the verb) with their father as (e) ––– (pre-modify the noun) laborers when they were old enough to help. By the time they were seventeen, they left for towns (f) ––– (use infinitive to post-modify the verb) money. At first they used to send money to their parents (g) –––, (use adverb to post modify the verb) but after getting married they barely had enough to support their (h) ––– (pre-modify the noun) families. Out of desperation, Ayesha Begum started (i) ––– (post modify the verb) in the village to feed her old. (j) ––– (pre-modify the noun) husband and herself.

Ans: (a) landless/ poor (b) to work (c) their (d) working (e) day (f) to earn (g) occasionally (h) own (i) begging (j) invalid

 

5.      A village doctor is a very (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) person in the rural areas of Bangladesh. He is (b) ––– (pre-modify the verb) known as quack. A village doctor is not a (c) ––– (per-modify the noun) doctor. He usually sits in a small dispensary(d) ––– (post modify the verb). He treats the patients (e) ––– (use a participle phrase to post-modify the verb). A village doctor is not a (f) ––– (pre-modify the noun) man. His chamber is (g) ––– (pre-modify the verb) furnished. He cannot supply costly medicine to (h) ––– (pre-modify the noun) patients. In our country, the number of qualified doctors is (i) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) few. So, a village doctor is a great friend to the (j) ––– (pre-modify the noun) villagers.

Ans: (a) familiar/ common/ popular (b) usually/ generally (c) qualified/ skilled/ good (d) in the morning and evening/ everyday/ regularly (e) taking small fees/ some money (f) rich/ wealthy/ solvent (g) poorly (h) his/ poor (i) very/ really (j) poor/ helpless

6.      A balanced diet is a good mixture of (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) foods. It is essential for us (b) ––– (post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) a healthy life. There are many benefits of eating a (c) ––– (pre-modify the noun) diet because it prevents (d) ––– (use determiner to pre modify the noun) diseases. As a result we do not get sick (e) ––– (post-modify the verb with an adverb). We should selcet (f) ––– (Pre-modify the noun with possessive) diet according to our needs. We should not eat the (g) ––– (use adjective to pre-modify the noun) foods for the whole week. We can keep fit (h) ––– (use a participle) a balanced diet. But it is not easy (i) ––– (post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) a balanced diet. Here (j) ––– (use a determiner) nutritionist can help us.

Ans: (a) nutritious/ various (b) to lead (c) balanced (d) many/ some/ few (e) easily/ frequently (f) our (g) same (h) eating/ taking (i) to make/ select/ combine/ prepare (j) a/ any

7.      The people of Bangladesh have expressed their shock (a) ––– (post-modify the verb) at the reaction of the Pakistan Parliament. Pakistan strongly protested the execution of two (b) ––– (pre-modify the noun) collaborators who committed crimes against humanity on their own people in 1971. There is a demand for apology from (c) ––– (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) government for the crimes of its army during the liberation war of Bangladesh. Recently Pakistan’s National Assembly maybe within its rights (d) ––– (use an infinitive phrase to post modify the verb) for the execution of two collaborators. But it is quite clear to us that Pakistan always tries to erase its past history. To erase (e) ––– (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) history is not easy because history continues to follow all of us. Pakistan, (f)  ––– (post-modify the noun with an appositive), cannot come out of its military influence. As a result, the country has become (g) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) barbarous. So, Pakistan is going down (h)(use an adverb to post-modify the verb). The founder of Pakistan Mr. Jinnah was physically (i) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) weak and so, the state always tried to show its physical strength since (j) ––– (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) birth.

Ans: (a) strongly/ sharply/ immediately/ instantly (b) leading/ Pakistani (c) Pakistan (d) to blame/ to condemn (e) this/ that (f) the war criminal country in 1971/ a sanctuary for militancy (g) so/ very (h) gradually/ slowly (i) very (j) its/ her

8.      Raja, (a) ––– (post-modify the noun with an appositive), is known his classmates as a good student. He has (b) ––– (use a quantifier to pre-modify to noun) good qualities. He knows that the (c) ––– (use an adjective to pre modify the noun) duty of a student is to study and he never neglects (d) ––– (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) duty. He prepares (e) ––– (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) lesson regularly. He maintains discipline. He knows the value of time. He gets up (f) ––– (post-modify the verb with an adverb) so that he can get enough time to study. He goes to school (g) ––– (post-modify the verb with an adverb). He never wastes a (h) ––– (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) moment in vain. Raja is (i) ––– (pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) gentle. He always obeys his parents and teachers. He never mixes with (j) ––– (pre-modify the noun) boys. A student like Raja is a great asset of a nation.

Ans: (a) a school boy (b) many/ some (c) prime/ chief (d) this (e) his (f) early (g) regularly/ daily (h) single (i) very (j) bad/ naughty

9.      Rabiul is (a) ––– (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) ideal student. He prepares (b) ––– (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) lessons in collaboration with his teachers. He does (c) ––– (post-modify the verb) in every examination as he does not waste time. He knows time once lost is lost forever. So, he utilizes every moment. During his free time, he goes to his native village. He teaches (d) ––– (pre-modify the noun) people. He wants (e) ––– (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) illiteracy from his village. (f) ––– (use present participle to pre-modify the verb) illiteracy form his village, he wants to bring about massive development there. He is (g) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) devoted to God. He says his prayer (h) ––– (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) times a day. He never tells a lie. He respects his parents very much. Other superiors are also respected by him. His father, (i) ––– (post-modify the noun phrase with an appositive) supports him cordially. His mother, an ideal housewife (j) ––– (pre-modify the verb) supports him very much. Such a student like Subbir is rarely found nowadays.

Ans: (a) an (b) his (c) well (d) illiterate (e) to remove (f) removing (g) very (h) five (i) a very pious man (j) also

10.  Rabindranath Tagore was a (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) poet of Bengali Literature. He was born in a (b) ––– (pre-modify the noun) family at Jarasanko, Kolkata. He went to school (c) ––– (post-modify the verb). He wrote his (d) ––– (pre-modify the noun) verse at the age of eight. At the age of seventeen, he went to London (e) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) school there. He was put up in a lodging house under the care of a (f) ––– (pre-modify the noun) coach, Mr. Scott. He was lucky (g) ––– (post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) an English family of Mr. Scott. He also visited the House of Parliament (h) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) to Gladstone and John Bright’s debates on Irish rule. He wrote letters to Kolkata (i) ––– (post-modify the verb with a present participle) English society. At this, his family thought that they might lose their son (j) ––– (post-modify the verb). So, he was called back to Kolkata.

Ans: (a) famous/ great/ renowned (b) rich/ solvent (c) early (d) first (e) to attend (f) professional (g) to get/ to have/ to find (h) to listen (i) praising/ admiring (j) ultimately/ eventually/ forever

11.  It was a hot (a) ––– (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) day. A (b) ––– (pre-modify the noun) crow flew all over the fields looking for water. For a long time, she could not find any water. She felt (c) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) weak, almost giving up hope. Suddenly, she saw a water jug below her. She flew (d) ––– (post-modify the verb) to see if there was any water inside. Yes, she could see some water inside the jug. The crow tried (e) ––– (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). Sadly, she found that the neck of the jug was too narrow. Then she tried to push the jug down for the water to flow out. But she found (f) ––– (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) jug too heavy. The crow thought (g) ––– (use a phrase to post-modify the verb) what to do. (h) ––– (use a participle to pre-modify the verb), she saw some pebbles nearby. She (i) ––– (pre-modify the verb) had a good idea. She started picking up the pebbles filled the jug, the water level kept rising. Soon it was high (j) ––– (post-modify the adjective) for the crow to drink. The crow quenched her thirst and flew away.

Ans: (a) summer (b) thirsty (c) very (d)  down (e) to drink water/ to quench her thirst (f) this/ that (g) for a while (h) Looking around/ Roaming around the field (i) instantly/ immediately (j) enough

12.  Most of the people in (a) ––– (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country do not know the importance of English. In fact, it is an (b) ––– (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) language and we are living in a (c) ––– (pre-modify the noun) village. So, if you know English (d) ––– (post modify the verb with an adverb), you can communicate with (e) ––– (use article to pre-modify the noun phrase) rest of the world. It is surely an important element of your (f) ––– (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) skill. Without the knowledge of English with proper understanding, you cannot complete (g) ––– (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) higher studies because most of the books are written in English in the process of higher education. Poor knowledge of English will also hamper your (h) ––– (use a noun adjective) development. In short, if you do not have a good command of English, you will suffer (i) ––– (post-modify the verb with prepositional phrase/Adverbial) of your life. So, don’t waste your time and try to learn English (j)––– (post-modify the verb with an adverb) from today.

Ans: (a) our (b) international (c) global (d)          much/ well (e) the (f) language (g) your (h) career (i) in the later part (j) well/ right

13.  I had a peculiar experience (a) ––– (post-modify the verb) while travelling to St. Martin’s Island. I visited the island along with my family. Zahid (b) ––– (post-modify the noun with an appositive), was our guide. On our way to the island, we watched (c) ––– (use a determiner to pre-modify the noun) sea gulls. The (d) ––– (pre-modify the noun) birds were flying (e) ––– (post-modify the verb) with the ship. They became (f) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dear and friendly to us. We entertained them with chips and biscuits. (g) ––– them (use a present participle to pre-modify the verb), we became (h) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) excited. We decided (i) ––– (use an intensifier to post-modify the verb) in the idyllic island for a couple of days. We can never forget (j) ––– (use a demonstrative to pre modify the adjective phrase) lively sea birds.

Ans: (a) last year/ lately/ recently (b) a smart person/ a young man (c) some (d) beautiful (e) rhythmically/ smoothly (f) very (g) Seeing (h) very (i) to stay (j) those

14.  Once there lived a (a) ––– (pre-modify noun) fox in a jungle. One day, while he was walking (b)  ––– (post-modify the verb) through the jungle, he fell into a trap and lost his tail. He felt (c) ––– (pre-modify the adjective) unhappy and sad. But the fox was very cunning. He hit upon a plan. He invited all the foxes (d) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) to meeting. When all the foxes arrived, the fox without a tail said, “My dear friends, listen to me, please, I have discovered a (e) ––– (pre-modify the noun) think. It is that our tails are (f) ––– (pre-modify the adjective) useless. They look ugly and dirty. So, we all should cut off our tails, shouldn’t we?” All foxes listened to the cunning fox (g) ––– (post-modify the verb). Most of them agreed (h) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) their tails. But an old and (i) ––– (pre-modify the noun) fox said to him, “My friend, your plan is nice but evil. Actually, you want to cut off our tails because you have (j) ––– (pre-modify the noun with a determiner) tail of your own.”

Ans: (a) cunning/ clever (b) alone (c) very (d) to come (e) significant/ wonderful (f) really/ quite (g) attentively (h) to cut off (i) wise (j) no

15.  Othello, (a) ––– (use an appositive to post modify the noun) had risen to become a general. He had shown his bravery in many (b) ––– (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) battles against the Turks. Everyone praised him (c) ––– (use an adverb to post-modify the verb) and the senate trusted and honored him. Brabantio, a rich senator of Venice had a daughter Desdemona (d) ––– (use a relative clause to post-modify the noun). Brabantio (e) ––– (use an adverb to pre-modify  the verb) invited Othello to his house where he and his daughter listened in wonder to Othello as he spoke about his adventures. He told them of deserts, of caves and of mountains high (f) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) to touch the sky. Desdemona had to weep (g) ––– (use a present participle to post modify the verb phrase) and she never became tired of listening to it. She pitied Othello (h) ––– (use an adverb to post-modify the verb)for the misfortunes and hardships of his life. Her pity (i) ––– (use an adverb to post-modify the verb) turned to love. She refused all the young men (j) ––– (use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) because she loved Othello, a noble Muslim Moor from North Africa.

Ans: (a) a noble Muslim Moor (b) fierce (c) highly (d) who was very beautiful and intelligent (e) often (f) enough (g) hearing his adventure (h) heartily (i) finally/ soon/ ultimately (j) to many

16.  A village doctor is a (a) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) familiar person in the rural areas of Bangladesh. He is (b) ––– (pre-modify the verb) known as a quack. A village doctor is not a (c) ––– (pre-modify the noun) doctor. He (d) ––– (pre-modify the verb) sits in a small dispensary in the morning and evening. He treats the patients (e) ––– (use a participle to post-modify the verb) small fees. A village doctor is not a (f) ––– (pre-modify the noun) man. His chamber is (g) ––– (pre-modify the verb) furnished. He cannot supply costly medicines to the (h)––– (pre-modify the noun) patients. In our country, the number of qualified doctors is (i) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) few. So, a village doctor is a great friend to the (j) ––– (pre-modify the noun) people.

Ans: (a) very (b) usually (c) qualified/ skilled (d) usually/ often (e) taking (f) rich (g) poorly (h) poor (i) really/ very (j) poor/ village

17.  Water is a (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) substance. It has no colour of (b) ––– (possessive to pre-modify the pronoun) own. The (c) ––– (determiner to pre-modify the noun) name of water is life. By drinking water, we can quench(d) ––– (possessive to pre-modify the noun) thirst. Thus we can survive on earth. But (e) ––– (pre-modify the noun) water is life-killing. By drinking contaminated water, we suffer from diseases like diarrhoea, typhoid etc. We may (f) ––– (pre-modify the verb) face (g) ––– (pre-modify the noun) death by drinking such type of water. We are responsible for (h) ––– (noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) pollution. Waste materials from mills and factories are thrown here and there. Farmers use fertilizers and insecticides in their land. During the rainy season, they are mixed with ponds and rivers. Besides, latrines (i) ––– (participle to post modify the noun) on ponds and rivers cause water pollution. (j) ––– (pre-modify the noun) awareness should be raised to stop water pollution.

Ans: (a) liquid (b) its (c) other (d) our (e) impure/ contaminated (f) even (g) unnecessary/ avoidable/ premature (h) water (i) built/ standing (j) Public/ Social

18.  Students are the (a) ––– (a pre-modifier of noun) leaders of a country. The development of a country depends (b) ––– (post-modify the verb) on how the students prepare themselves to face (c) ––– (a noun-adjective to pre-modify a noun) challenges. But unfortunately many students are not serious (d) ––– (a prepositional phrase to post-modify the adjective). They spoil their (e) ––– (pre-modifier of a noun) time. Some of them do not go to school (f) ––– (noun phrase functioning as adverb). Again some remain inattentive (g) ––– (prepositional phrase functioning as adverbial). But they have to be attentive and struggle hard (h) ––– (an infinitive) in life. They should remember that success is equal to (i) ––– (use an Adjective) work plus determination. So, all students should work hard (j) ––– (use an infinitive) in life.

Ans: (a) future (b) largely (c) life/ future (d) about their responsibilities (e) valuable (f) at all (g) to their studies (h) to succeed (i) hard (j) to succeed to prosper

19.  Socrates believed (a) ––– (post-modify the verb) that an (b) ––– (pre-modify the noun) man was more of a beast than a human being. He had a furious wife who used to lose her temper on the (c) ––– (pre-modify the noun) excuse. One day the wife got (d) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) furious and began (e) ––– (use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) fiercely. He went out and sat on the door step of (f) ––– (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) house. He looked out to the public (g) ––– (use a phrase to post-modify the verb). The wife found that he was not paying the least heed to her. So, she began to pour water (h) ––– (use a phrase to post-modify the verb) of Socrates. The passers-by were (i) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) much amused at the incident. They had not seen such (j) ––– (pre-modify the noun) incident before.

Ans: (a) firmly (b) angry (c) slightest (d) very (e) to insult him (f) his (g) in the street (h) on the head (i) very (j) an interesting

20.  Coleridge’ poem, (a) ––– (use an appositive), narrates the harrowing (b) ––– (use a noun adjective) voyage of an old mariner (c) ––– (use an adjective clause) because of a curse. Cursed of not, we know how important (d) ––– (use present participle) water is in our life. We know that we cannot survive without it. In fact, (e) ––– (use a numeral) thirds of our body is made up of water. Is there a crisis in (f) ––– (use possessive time with regard (g) ––– (use an infinitive phrase) to clean drinking water? The United Nations in a meeting on the eve of the (h) ––– (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) millennium identified the drinking water problem as (i) ––– (use a determiner) of the challenges for the future. But do we need (j) ––– (use an infinitive phrase) about the problems as ours is a land of rivers?

Ans: (a) The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (b) sea (c) who didn't have any water to drink (d) drinking (e) two (f) our (g) to having an access (h) new (i) one (j) to worry

21.  Rabindranath Tagore, (a) ––– (use an appositive) leads the Bengali literature from the front. He was born (b) ––– (use adverbial phrase) at Jarasanko, Kolkata. He went to school (c) ––– (use intensifier) early in his childhood. He wrote his (d) ––– (pre-modify the noun) verse at the age of eight. At the age of seventeen, he went to London (e) ––– (use an infinitive phrase) and remained with (f) ––– (use a determiner) English family of Mr. Scott. He (g) ––– (pre-modify the verb) visited the House of Parliament, listened to Gladstone and John Bright’s debates on Irish (h)(pre-modify the noun) rule. He wrote letters to Kolkata (i) ––– (post-modify the verb with a present participle) English society. At this, his family thought that they might lose their son (j) ––– (post-modify the verb). So, he was called back to Kolkata.

Ans: (a) one of the greatest litteraturs in the world (b) in a respectable Hindu family (c) very (d) first (e) to study law/ to attend school there (f) an (g) also (h) home (i) praising/ appreciating (j) soon/ eventually/ ultimately

22.  Man is a (a) ––– (pre modify the noun) being. As a social being, he has to do  (b) ––– (pre-modify noun) work. But no one should hurry while doing (c) ––– (pre-modify the noun with a possessive word) work. One should be (b) ––– (post-modify the verb) in brain while doing any job. If one hurries to do a work, the (e) ––– (pre-modify the verb) may be spoiled (f)(post-modify the verb). So we should not hurry. (g) ––– (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) present age seems to rush to and fro. Life becomes (h) ––– (use intensifier to pre-modify the verb) complicated now. There is competition (i) ––– (post-modify to the noun). Everyone seems (j) ––– (use infinitive as post modify).

Ans: (a) social (b) some/ different (c) his/ her (d) cool (e) work (f) totally/ completely (g) the (h) very (i) everywhere (j) to be competitive

23.  Education is necessary for a (a) ––– (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) development of a country. The level of development of a country can (b) ––– (use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) be determined by observing the condition of its education. If a country can provide (c) ––– (use a possessive to pre-modify noun) people with a modern and (d) ––– (use an adjective to pre-modify noun) curriculum of education, it will be able (e) ––– (use a infinitive) development. But (f) ––– (use an adverb) Bangladesh has not been able (g) ––– (use an infinitive) proper education for its (h) ––– (use participle to pre-modify the noun) young generation. Scholars think that there are (i) ––– (use a quantifier) incongruities in our national (j) ––– (use a noun adjective) system.

Ans: (a) sustainable (b) simply (c) its (d) proper (e) to achieve (f) yet (g) to ensure (h) growing/ numerous (j) education

24.  Sher-e-Bangla A.K Faziul Hoq, (a) ––– (post-modify the noun with an appositive), was very meritorious from his boyhood. His father Kazi Wazed Ali was a (b) ––– (use a adjective to pre-modify the noun) pleader in the Barishal Bar. (c) ––– (use quantifier to pre-modify noun) day the boy Fazlul Hoq was reading (d) ––– (post-modify the verb with prepositional phrase). His father was passing by. He was reading his lessons and tearing off (e) ––– (use article to pre-modify the noun) pages of his book one after another. He (f) ––– (use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) entered the room and said, “O my boy! do not play with your book.” “I am not playing. I have already gone through (g) ––– (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) pages. So, I don’t need them at all”, said he (FH). (h) ––– (use possessive to pre-modify noun) father wanted to test him. He asked him to quote (i) ––– (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) lines form such and such pages of his book. Fazlul Hoq quoted the pieces from memory word for word. He was (j) ––– (use an adverb to pre-modify the adjective) charmed at the wonderful memory of his son.

Ans: (a) the great leader of Bengal (b) famous/ well-known (c) One (d) in his room (e) the (f) instantly (g) these (h) His (i) some (j) very/ greatly

25.  The ant is a (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) insect. Ants are (b) ––– (pre-modify the noun) insects too. They do not sit idle. They work (c) ––– (post-modify the verb) to store food for (d) ––– (pre-modify the noun) days. They move in groups and help one another in time of danger. If (e) ––– (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) ant is affected, (f) ––– (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) ants come forward to rescue it at any cost. (g) ––– (pre-modify the noun) things can be learnt from (h) ––– (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) way of life. Like ants, (i) ––– (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) community should be united. Unity is strength. And a (j) ––– (pre-modify the noun) community cannot be defeated and destroyed.

Ans: (a) small (b) industrious (c) hard (d) rainy (e) any (f) other (g) Instructive/ Educative (h) their (i) every (j) united

26.  Arsenic is a (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) substance. It is (b) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dangerous for human health. (c) ––– (use an demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) substance is found in the water of the tube well. There are (d) ––– (pre-modify the noun) villages in our country. Most of our (e) ––– (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) people drink tube well water. At present, they are passing their days (f) ––– (use a participle to post-modify the verb). (g) ––– (use a participle to pre-modify the verb) people suffer from different kinds of problems. This problem is (h) ––– (pre-modify the verb) found in North Bengal. We should take a serious measure (i) ––– (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) which produce contaminated water. Government is trying to identify the tube wells (j) ––– red (post-modify the verb).

Ans: (a) harmful/ poisonous (b) very (c) This (d) many (e) village (f) drinking arsenic contaminated water (g) Drinking impure water/ Drinking arsenic contaminated water (h) mostly (i) to check/ detect the tubwells (j) painted

27.  Newspaper plays a very (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) role in modern civilization. It publishes news and views of home and abroad. Only (b) ––– (pre-modify the noun) knowledge is not enough in this competitive world. A newspaper helps a man (c) ––– (post-modify the verb with infinitive) his general knowledge. Besides academic books, one should read newspapers (d) ––– (post modify the verb). Newspaper helps one(e) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) the facts of the world, (f) ––– (per-modify the verb with a present participle phrase) regularly, one can be aware of everything. There are (g) ––– (pre-modify the noun) kinds of newspaper. One should select the newspaper (h) ––– (post-modify the verb). One should choose the (i) ––– (pre-modify the noun) paper because many newspapers present news partially.Whatever the paper is, it (j) ––– (pre-modify the verb) helps a man.

Ans: (a) significant/ important (b) bookish (c) to increase/ to enlarge/ to enrich (d) everyday/ regularly (e) to know (f) Reading newspaper (g) different/ various (h) properly/ rightly/ justly/ wisely/ prudently (i) impartial (j)  always/ really/ actually/ truly

28.  Once there lived a (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun with an adjective) fox in a jungle. He was (b)   ––– (pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) hungry. He went out (c) ––– (post-modify the verb with infinitive) for food. But he did not get any food (d) ––– (post-modify the verb with infinitive). At last he entered a vineyard. There were ripe grapes (e) ––– (post-modify the noun with a present participle) on the vine. The grapes were too high for him (f) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive phrase). (g)––– (pre-modify the verb with a present participle) rest for a while, he jumped toget the bunch of grapes. But he failed (h) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive phrase), (i) ––– (pre-modify the verb with a present participle), the fox went away. But he said he did not like (j) ––– (pre-modify the noun) grapes.

Ans: (a) clever (b) very (c) to search (d) to eat (e) hanging (f) to reach (g) Taking (h) to get at the grapes (i) Finding no way/ Failing (j) sour

29.  Our people fought (a) ––– (Post-modify the verb with an adverb) in our liberationwar. Independence was our (b) ––– (Pre-modify the noun with a phrase) need. Wetried to live (c) ––– (post-modify the verb with an adverb) with the Pakistanis. Butthey were (d) ––– (Use an adjective) to us. They behaved (e) ––– (Use an adverb). (f) ––– (Use a participle) no way to settlement, we took up arms. India had reasonsenough(g) ––– (Use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the adverb) us. At last, the (h) ––– (Pre-modify the noun) force won over Pakistan. We started living (i) ––– (Post-modify with an adverb). We must speak (j) ––– (Post-modify the verb by anadverb) of our independence.

Ans: (a) bravely (b) basic human (c) peacefully (d) hostile (e) rudely Having/ Finding (g) to strongly support (h) allied (i) independently (j) proudly/ highly

30.  Hercules (a) ––– (use an appositive to post-modify the noun) was noted for super-human energy. He had to undergo some difficult tasks (b) ––– (use an adjective clause to post-modify the noun). The valley of Nemea was being disturbed by a (c) ––– (pre-modify the noun) lion and so Eurystheus ordered Hercules (d) ––– (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify to post-modify the noun) and bring him (e) ––– (use a possessive) skin. At first, Hercules tried to fight the lion with his club and arrows but (f) ––– (use a demonstrative) took him nowhere. Then Hercules attempted a (g) ––– (pre- modify the noun) tactic: he decided he would use his hands. He thus managed toslay the animal on his own, (h) ––– (use a participle phrase to post modify the noun). Victorious, he returned to Mycenae carrying the (i) ––– (pre-modify the noun) lion on his shoulders, (j) ––– (use a determiner) sight that terrified the king.

Ans: (a) the son of Zeus and Alcmena (b) which are known in Greek myths as the 'twelve labours of Hercules.' (c) terrible (d) to slay the beast (e) his/its (h) this (g) different (h) relying entirely on his immense strength (i) dead (j) a

31.  Nelson Mandela, (a) ––– (post-modify the noun with an appositive), is one of the greatest leaders of the world. During (b) ––– (use determiner) time of Mandela, the Europeans were separated from the non-Europeans. It was (c) ––– (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) policy of racial segregation. The blacks were subjected to (d) ––– (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) sorts of indignities. They were denied all basic (e) ––– (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) rights. They were in fact aliens in (f) ––– (use possessive to pre-modify the noun phrase) own country, The blacks were also treated (g) ––– (use an adverb to post-modify the verb). Even dogs received a much better treatment than the blacks. The (h) ––– (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) leader vowed to put an end to the inhuman practice. Unfortunately, (i) ––– (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) great man was thrown behind the prison bars. But the oppressive ruler could not break his (j) ––– (use a present participle to pre-modify the noun) spirit.

Ans: (a) the first black president of South Africa (b) the (c) government (d) all (e) human (f) their (g) cruelly (h) great (i) this (j) fighting

32.  Morning walk is a (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) exercise. So, we should walk (b) ––– (post-modify the verb). It is beneficial to both young and (c) ––– (pre-modify the noun) people. In the morning, we can breathe in (d) ––– (pre-modify the noun) air. It helps to be physically and (e)(pre-modify the adjective) fit. This fitness helps us (f) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) the whole day. We need to get up (g) ––– (post-modify the verb) to walk in the morning. It keeps us (h) ––– (pre-modify the adjective) healthy and we also get (i) ––– (per-modify the noun) time to work. So, there is no alternative to walking (j) ––– (post-modify the verb).

Ans: (a) good (b) in the morning (c) old (d) fresh (e) mentally (f) to enjoy (g) early (h) quite (i) enough (j) in the morning

33.  Air and water are the most (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) elements of the environment. But we pollute them (b) ––– (post-modify the verb). Mills and factories use fuel (c) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) their products. The burning of this fuel creates smoke (d) ––– (post-modify the noun with a relative clause). Motor vehicles also pollute the air (e) ––– (post-modify the verb). Water is polluted by (f) ––– (pre-modify the noun with a quantifier) kinds of waste and filth. We pollute water (g) ––– (post-modify the verb with present participle phrase) into water. Farmers use (h) ––– (pre-modify the noun) fertilizers and insecticides and pollute water, (i) ––– (pre-modify the noun with a past participle) water is (j) ––– (pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) harmful to health.

Ans: (a) important (b) unwisely (c) to manufacture (d) which pollutes the air (e) by creating/ emitting smoke (f) various/ several (g) throwing waste (h) chemical (i) Polluted (j) very

34.  Many years ago there lived a king named Solomon. He was very wise and helped people in many ways, (a) ––– (Noun phrase) spread far and wide. The Queen of Sheba heard about the name and fame of king Solomon, (b) ––– (post-modify with an appositive). She could not believe that he was so wise and wealthy, (c) ––– (Adverbial) she decided to visit his country and meet him personally, (d) ––– (adverbial) the queen came to king Solomon's palace. The queen brought with her hundred servants who carried many fine presents, (e) –––,(Adverbial) she brought with her some artificial flowers that were mixed with some real flowers. The flowers were (f) ––– (an intensifier) beautiful and looked alike, (g) ––– (Infinitive phrase) the queen asked the courtiers to. find out the real ones. They took time and watched the flowers minutely, (h) ––– (Adverbial) they failed to differentiate, (i) ––– (Adverbial) king Solomon watched some bees flying over some flowers, (j) ––– (Participle phrase) he-realized those flowers to be real.

Ans: (a) His name and fame (b) a wise and wealthy king (c) At last (d) One day (e) Besides (f) very (g) to test the king (h) in spite of trying hard (i) At that time (j) observing

35.  We know that (a) ––– (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) species are important for maintaining (b) ––– (pre-modify the noun) balance. If one is lost, the whole natural environment (c) ––– (pre-modify the verb) changes. In order to protect the environment from being spoilt, we should (d) ––– (pre-modify the verb) protect (e) ––– (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) wildlife, (f) ––– (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) good news is that (g) ––– (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) countries are (h) ––– (pre-modify the verb) taking action to protect their endangered wild life. George Lay Cock, (i) ––– (post-modify the noun with an appositive) writes. "Mankind must develop a concern for wild creatures and a determination that (j) ––– (use demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) wild species will not perish".

Ans: (a) all (b) ecological (c) really (d) therefore (e) our (f) The (g) many (h) now (i) author of several books on wildlife (j) these

36.  One day Robert Bruce, (a) ––– (Post modify the noun with an appositive), was lying in a cave. He was thinking of (b) ––– (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) misfortune. He thought that he would not be able (c) ––– (Use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). Suddenly, he saw a spider (d) ––– (post-modify the verb with a prepositional phrase/an adverbial of place). The spider was trying to reach (e) ––– (Use determiner to pre-modify the noun) ceiling of the cave. It almost got to the point (f) ––– (Use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) times, but fell down at the last moment. It did not lose hope. It was trying (g) ––– (Post-modify the verb with an adverbial). On the seventh attempt it reached the ceiling. Robert Bruce became very much amazed  (h) ––– (Use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) the success of the spider. He felt encouraged and came out of the cave and began to gather soldiers again. He remembered the small spider and prepared (i) ––– (Post-modify the verb with an adverb) for the battle. He fought hard with the English and (J) ––– (Use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) time, he came out successful. Strong will and perseverance made Robert Bruce the king of Scotland.

Ans: (a) the king of Scotland (b) his (c) to regain his lost Kingdom (d) in the cave (e) the (f) six (g) relentlessly (h) to see (i) well (j) this

37.  One night Hazi Mohammad Mohsin was in (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) sleep. Suddenly he heard a sound and woke up (b) ––– (an infinitive to post-modify the verb) what happened. He discovered a thief (c) ––– (use a present participle) valuable articles from his room. He advanced (d) ––– (an adverb to post-modify the verb) and caught the thief (e) ––– (post-modifier the verb). Mohsin was a (f) ––– (pre-modifier of the noun) man. He wanted (g) ––– (use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) why he was stealing. The thief replied that he had been starving (h) ––– (use a prepositional phrase),(i) ––– (use a participle phrase) Mohsin became sympathetic, he set the thief (j) ––– (use an adjective).

Ans: (a) deep (b) to see (c) stealing (d) stealthily/ silently (e) red handed (f) noble/ great/ liberal/ kind-hearted (g) to know (h) for several/ for some days/ for few days (i) Hearing his speech/ words (j) free

38.  Drug addiction is a curse of (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) civilization. Drug is usually used as medicine (b) ––– (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) diseases and an excess of taking drug for no disease is called drug addiction. The drug addiction has grasped the young generation (c) ––– (post-modify the verb). They take drugs to forget their (d) ––– (post-modify the noun) past or memories. People (e) ––– (pre-modify the verb) take heroine, opium, morphine, cocaine, phencydiyl etc. for drug addiction. There are some people who first take drugs as a fun but it terms into an addiction (f) ––– (post-modify the verb). Drug addiction causes (g) ––– (post-modify the noun) harms to human body, (h) ––– (use a participle to pre-modify the verb) we can remove this curse from our country. All concerned should take initiative (i) ––– (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) it. Suppliers should be punished (j) ––– (post-modify the verb).

Ans: (a) modern (b) to relieve (c) worldwide/ globally (d) bitter (e) usually (f) gradually (g) serious (h) Raising public awareness (i) to get rid of (j) severely

39.  One (a) ––– (use adv as pre-modifier qualifying adj) conspicuous change in (b) ––– (use pre-modifier qualifying noun) society is the presence of (c) ––– (use adj as pre­-modifier) women outside the home. Of course, it has to be acknowledged that women have always worked within the household but this commonly is not counted as 'work'. It is unfortunate that (d) ––– (use possessive as pre-modifier) roles in (e) ––– (use adj as pre-modifier) societies as in our village, particularly during (f) ––– (use noun-adj as pre-modifier) time has not been recognized either. Whether it is due to (g) ––– (use adj as pre-modifier) necessity or the urge to establish an (h) ––– (use adj as pre-modifier) identity or both, nowadays many women are entering the outside (i) ––– (use noun-adj as pre-modifier) force. They are joining a wide range of professions. Moreover, it is not only (j) ––– (use adj as pre-modifier) women who are opting to work but women with little or no education have come out of their cocoons to earn and become self-reliant.

Ans: (a) very (b) our (c) working (d) women's (e) agricultural (f) harvest (g) economic (h) individual (i) work (j) educated

40.  Socrates was a (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) scholar of Greece. He believed that an   (b) ––– (pre-modify the noun) man was more of a beast than a human being. He had a wife who used to lose temper on the (c) ––– (pre-modify the noun) excuse. One day, she became (d) ––– (pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) furious than ever. She began (e) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) Socrates. She tried (f) ––– (post-modify the verb) to irritate him. (g) ––– (pre-modify the pronoun with a participial phrase), he sat on the doorstep of his residence. The wife found that her husband was not paying the (h) ––– (pre-modify the noun) heed to her word, (i) ––– (pre-modify the pronoun with a participle) with a bucket full of water, she poured much water over him. The passers-by (j) ––– (post-modify the noun with a prepositional phrase) were much amused at the incident.

Ans: (a) great (b) angry (c) slightest (d) more (e) to insult (f) her utmost (g) Going out of his room (h) least (i) Going (j) in the street

41.  Once upon a time there was an honest and (a) ––– (pre-modify tire noun) man. His name was Abu Ben Adhem. He was once sleeping (b) ––– (post-modify the verb). He woke up (c) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) an angel. He saw the angel (d) ––– (post-modify the noun with a present participle) the names ofsome persons who loved God. He wanted (e) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) if his name was there. The angel replied that his name was not (f) ––– (post-modify the verb). Then he requested the angel (g) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive phrase) in the list, (h) ––– (pre-modify the verb with a present participle) his request, the angel went away. He appeared the next night (i) ––– (post-modify the verb) and showed Abu that his name was at the top of the list. Abu was very happy (j) ––– (post-modify the adjective with an infinitive phrase).

Ans: (a) pious (b) peacefully (c) to see (d) writing (e) to know (f) in the list (g) to write/ include his name (h) Hearing (i) again (j) to see his name on the top

42.  English gives us (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) access to the ever expanding knowledge of science and technology, arts and education, innovations and discoveries. Moreover all the books, journals, reports, research findings are available in English. As many important books, papers etc, are either (b) ––– (post-modify the noun) in English or translated into English (c) ––– (post-modify the verb) after they are published in other languages. You can (d) ––– (post-modify the verb) learn about them if you have acquired the (e) ––– (use a participle to pre-modify the noun) skills in English,(f) ––– (use an infinitive phrase to pre-modify the verb) you have to get a deep and (g) ––– (pre-modify the noun) time experience of reading different texts, books or articles etc. Moreover correct listening from others will also promote your (h) ––– (pre-modify the noun) mastery on reading English. At first, when you desire to speak English you might get (i) ––– (post-modify the noun) to release any word from (j) ––– (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) mouth as it won't come out smoothly.

Ans: (a) easy (b) written (c) soon/ immediately (d) also (e) required (f) To learn English (g) long (h) proper/ through (i) nervous (j) your

43.  Napoleon, (a) ––– (post-modify the noun with an appositive), was a great hero. He fought many battles and conquered (b) ––– (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) countries of Europe. One day he was walking along the sea-shore. Suddenly he noticed a (c) ––– (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) thing, (d) ––– (use article to pre-modify the noun phrase) English boy was making a small boat. The king asked him why he was making (e) ––– (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) a small boat. The boy said, "I shall cross the sea. (f) ––– (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country is on the other side of the sea. I shall go to my country by (g) ––– (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) boat. I didn’t see my mother for a good long time. Let me go to my country (h) ––– ". (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). The king was (i) ––– (use an adverb to pre-modify the adjective) charmed by the words of the small boy. He made (j) ––– (use determiner to pre- modify the noun phrase) arrangements to send him to his country.

Ans: (a) the king of France (b) many (c) wonderful/ strange (d) An (e) such (f) My (g) this (h) to see my mother (f) very (j) all